Attitude Towards Women Fathers and Sons Essay Example for Free

Attitude Towards Women Fathers and Sons Essay To analyze the attitudes towards the women question and the most useful starting point would be to look at the representation of the liberated woman, Yevdoxia Kukshina, which can be contrasted with the representation of Bazarov’s mother or Nikolai Kirsanov’s wife, the women ideals of the older generation. Kukshina is clearly meant to the representative of the radicalism of the 1850s to1860s, â€Å"the progressive, advanced or educated woman : nigilistka or nihilist woman† (Richard Stites). She has ‘vowed to defend the rights of women to the last drop of my blood’ and is scornful of Sand ‘an out of date woman’. She has separated from her husband and plans to go abroad to study in Paris and Heildelberg. She thus, personifies the emergence of new objectives and tactics among the Russian emancipees of the early 1860s. However, it is also quite obvious that while much has been written about Turgenev’s attitude towards his nihilist hero, there is no doubt that the female nihilist Kukshina is an unflattering caricature and as Walter Smyrniw quotes â€Å"Turgenev has deliberately portrayed Kukshina as a ludicrous and repulsive emancipee.† Walter goes on to argue that in his portrayal of Kukshina, Turgenev lampooned only certain undesirable tendencies generated by Russian emancipees. The worst among them was a lack of genuine involvement, an inadequate commitment to the movement itself. Some merely assumed the roles of the emancipated women and hence their behaviour was both contrived and unnatural. Although many critics have argued along the same lines of Turgenev’s portrayal of Kukshina as a device for irony â€Å"the progressive louse which Turgenev combed out of Russian reality† (Dostoevsky) and that he has assumed the same sentiment in respect to Russian men who merely assumed the pose of materialists and nihilists (eg. Sitnikov), it is hard to escape that in the description of her person and household we find some of the stereotyping of radical women found in most conservative writing. He did not hesitate in expressing value judgments when ridiculing the pretentiousness and hypocrisy of Russian women who merely played the role of emancipees. She is dirty and slovenly in her habits and person, her room is scattered and dusty, her hair disheveled and her dress crumpled. Moreover, her conversation and behaviour is meant to ‘show’ us that her radicalism is shallow and unaffected. The narrator ‘tells’ us that she greets her guests with a string of questions without waiting for answers. It is important to notice here the narrator’s generalization here, which would seem to impute lack of serious concern (feminine casualness) to all women as part of their feminine nature and not to Kukshina as an individual. The narrator draws repeated attention to Kukshina’s unattractive physical appearance almost as if that were partly her fault. Kukshina is unfortunate enough to show her gums above her top teeth when she laughs and her piano playing revels her flat-cut fingernails. However, what is most significant in terms of the dominant patriarchal ideology of the mid-nineteenth century Russia is her declaration, â€Å"I’m free, I have no children.† From a conservative perspective, this would count as near sacrilegious statement. Though Bazarov himself is a serious character, its possible to read Sitnikov as a parody of the younger generation. At Madame Kukshins, the narrator tells us To Sitnikov the chance to be scathing and express contempt was the most agreeable of sensations (13.44).

The Impact Of Globalisation Sociology Essay

The Impact Of Globalisation Sociology Essay Globalisation is a force to be reckoned with. The Pandora box has been opened, its influence is rapidly spreading across the globe and there is no turning back. This paper will evaluate the inferred consequences of globalisation on children and families in the state of poverty and in affluence. realisation of adaptations for the sake of survival, relevance and otherwise vested interests from external forces. Economic globalisation actively pursued by national and international policy makers through the deregulation of the domestic economy and external transactions and on the rapid technological advances of the last two decades. Includes Internationalisation of behaviours, entertainment, consumption patterns, migration, tourist flows. other aspects are more complex to assess than the effects of economic-technological globalisation discussed in this paper -Globalisation results in economic growth and helps reduce some kinds of poverty though evidence shows that globalisation does not necessary result in sustainable growth. Outline/Methodology Implications: Political, economic, social, emotional, cultural, children and family well-being in developing, transitional n developed countries Discussion Political rapid changes brought about by globalisation, necessary adoption n adaptions to changes for survival, relevance, other vested interest by state or external influences Economic ref harnessing globalisation- negligence of poor and marginal populations: economic ills of capitalism n consumerism? Disparity in distribution of resources n gains reshuffling of economic structures n behaviours resulting in successes some n further challenges for others Affects childrens well being in many various ways geographical mobility of workforce/ immigrants economic reasons such as pressure of labour supply, income disparities, -distribution issue- inequality in wealth distributionhigh inequality impedes growth in poor countries by lowering investment in human n physical capital n generating more crimes n social unrests (save the children) political asylum, refugees, displacement Proponents to eradicate poverty n reduce injustice however . social ills social injustice Mass immigration and displacement Globally, there is an increase in economic migration driven by income disparities e.g. exploitation, demand for labour supply and the advancement of information technologies. The swell in migratory flows could be attributed, among others, to rising disparity in opportunities and income available to people in their home countries vis-a-vis countries they migrate to. In the 1970s, about 640,000 Mexicans migrated to the US legally. By 2000, 7.8 Mexicans are living in the US, legally or otherwise. Mass migration leads to growing urbanisation. The percentage of the worlds population living in cities rose from 29% to 47% (to about 2.8billion) in the last 50 years. Most of the growth took place in the developing world the number of urban residents jumped from 17% in 1950 to 40% or 1.9billion people in 2000. This is expected to double in the next 30 years. Increased Migration and Displacement An estimated 50 to 200 million people in the world could be displaced by the next 40 to 50 years due to climate change (63). Both gradual and extreme weather conditions and rising sea levels are the main drivers of such increased migrations. While most will move within their own countries, many will also cross international borders (64). A research by Save the Children exploring the movement of children within and between countries found that children tend to move with their parents (66). Nevertheless, many children do move independently due to various reasons. Some do so to find work to support their families. Others could be forcibly separated from their families due to uncontrollable circumstances eg. war and natural disasters. Yet many chose this path to escape from poverty, exploitation, abuse, calamities or even to pursue better educational opportunities. Moving alone to a foreign or unfamiliar location can pose grave dangers for children. Those without relevant identification papers, for example, are often denied basic services such as healthcare, education and social welfare (67). Such children also face the risk of exploitation and abuse. In 2008, armed conflicts and natural disasters accounted for the displacement of 63 million people. The biggest sufferers were usually children and women. Children displaced under such circumstances are housed in temporary shelters and resettlement camps. They are exposed to diseases associated with overcrowding, chief among them are pneumonia (biggest global killer for children under fire), measles, malaria and diarrhoea. These disease outbreaks result in dire consequences as children are most vulnerable due to lack of proper healthcare and sanitation. Malnutrition tend to be higher for children residing in such refugee camps due to limited food supply (68). Besides facing separation from their families, displaced children and their parents often lose access to essential health services. Climate-induced migration is likely to increase in future. Governments should come together and formulate national and international policies, legislation and services to protect migrant children and their families. Large scale humanitarian protection and help are needed to support them. With the influx of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers to any given country threatens the local infrastructures on food, clean water and shelter. With the relentless appetite of capitalism and growing urbanisation in many countries, consumerism drives the market forces threatens the sustainable environment. As the world becomes increasingly borderless, mass migration further extends the perimeters of diversity in multicultural societies and creates disequilibrium (positive or negative) to homogenous societies. Impact of urbanisation Urbanisation and Overcrowding Over half of the worlds population now live in cities. It is estimated that some 900 million urban-dwellers in low and middle income countries are living in poverty; 800 million people lack access to decent sanitation, and about 650 million people do not have water access(70). Slums and overcrowding plague many cities today. Poorly constructed homes and densely populated areas pose greater risks of fires, disease outbreaks and disasters. Many children from poor homes living in such cities are in danger due to poor sanitation, contaminated water and hazardous waste (71). In an era of global warming, a 1 degree rise in temperature could mean global children deaths of more than 20,000 a year due to air pollution. In developing and poor countries, about one-third of children are stunted and children under 5 have a mortality rate 5-20 times higher than rich countries with adequate access to healthcare and nutrition(73). Today, about 3.3 billion people (50% of the worlds population compared to 15% in 1990) live in urban areas. This is expected to increase to 5.3 billion people come 2050(74). Migrants from the rural areas move to the cities in search of better lives, higher wages and economic stability. Urbanisation is perceived to offer more stability from climate change for people who come from agricultural and natural resource-based livelihoods. Taxing on local infrastructures, for example water and food, to support the influx of Social impact on family life Social Globalisation marks the end of the family as we have known it until now, but it is not the disappearance of the family but its profound diversification (Castells, 1997:139;222). The worldwide trend in increasing divorce rates, many involving couples with young children, is pushing the likelihood of single parenthood as an alternative viable lifestyle. There is an upward trend of single-parent households with dependent children (usually headed by a woman) in developed and developing countries. In Brazil, the percentage of such households rose from 14% in 1980 to 20% in1989 and the trend is increasing. (Castells, 1997:147-52). Such a trend suggests that as more women join the workforce, the traditional role of caring for the family diminishes. This affects the proper upbringing of children with the tendency to push such responsibility to the educational institutions, provided they are available and/or affordable. Inequality and Social Injustice Income Inequality The richest 5% people in the world receive 114 times the income of the poorest 5% population. The top 25 richest Americans earn as much as 2 billion of the worlds poorest. The income gap between the rich and the middle-class/poor continues to widen in the developing and developed economies. This globalisation trend is altering the structures of families, economies and society the constant struggle for the have-nots to aspire to be among the elite haves would prove costly for families and their children. If sharp increases in inequality persist, they may have dire effects on human development, and social stability (including violence and crime (UNDP, 2003a:39). The need for any protectionist policies in any given society speaks of social injustice. It is recommended that government under the UNCRC agreement uphold the rights of children regardless of their nationality status. Children should be rendered political immunity regardless of parents nationality status as asylum seekers, refugees, or stateless persons. -social unrest, An example is the area of global crime rates. Globalisation is creating a ballooning underclass that is struggling due to growing income gaps and lack of job opportunities. This creates the ideal environment for criminal syndicates who are spreading cancerous crimes that exploit and victimise women and children e.g. drug trafficking, human trafficking, illegal trade of diamonds from African countries. In the 1990s, trading of illegal drugs accounted for $400 billion about 8% of world trade. Human trafficking (especially women and children) reached 4 million. More than half a million were for the sex industry in the western countries (George and Wilding, 2002:55). Gender inequality is prevalent in most patriarchal societies. If one gender is considered more economically and socially viable then another, Additional Burden on Women Additional Burdens for Women -In developing countries, women bear the responsibilities of feeding and caring their children, in addition to assisting in food production (farming and/or household) or buying food from local markets. Domestic responsibilities also weigh in, such as collecting fuel and water, besides caring for the aged at home. Education has been identified as vital for women. It empowers them with the essential knowledge for maternal, newborn and child survival, and in particular, teaching their children on how to adapt to climate change. It means life and death. Children of mothers with no education are more than twice as likely to die or be malnourished than children of mothers with at least secondary education (76). But in a scenario of natural disaster or armed conflict, girls are first to be pulled out of school to bring in more income or do housework. Women must be consulted and involved in strategies to adapt to climate changes. They know best on how to make necessary communal changes and protect children from natural disasters. Unless women are given leadership roles, involved in decision-making and implementation, any effort in managing climate change would be futile. roles of parents, women, family structure, child rearing practices -changes in family structure, more demand for women in the workforce, demand for early childhood services, switching roles mothers as breadwinners and fathers becoming homemakers or househusbands Cultural belief system, Individualistic or collective societal perspective. Metropolitan /cosmopolitan countries outcomes of assimilation or adaptation of cross cultural interactions. Strive to achieve an equilibrium. culture is transient. Evolution of cultures or conversions of religion brought about by conquest, coercion,n adaptations or adoptions thought exchanges and interactions. Evolution in cultural beliefs and practices has direct impact on children n families, causes transitional disequilibrium from set beliefs to new influences. adjustments to new cultural framework creates perplexity that affects family structure n function thereby affecting childrens sense if identity n belonging. While most parts of the world have been exposed to Western influences, the existence of indigenous cultures has not been threatened. Global Warming Greenhouse gasses, emitted by industrialised countries due to higher demand for goods and services emphatically point to the fact that most of the global warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities (UNEP, 2002:3). Massive use of fuel, coal, gas flaring, cement production, plastic, power etc lead to carbon dioxide emissions. The Greenhouse effects -floods, drought, typhoons, desertification, deforestation, rising water levels are now experienced by countries throughout the world. Water supply, food crops, diseases are creating havoc costing lives, reducing food supply, migrations, children and their families suffer. Climate change has been identified as the biggest global health threat to children in the 21st century. The sum effects of climate change put children at greatest risk from malnutrition, disease, water scarcity and natural disasters resulting in the disintegration of healthcare services and infrastructure. Children under 5 years are most vulnerable to its consequences (1). In poor and developing countries, diseases and conditions including diarrhoea, malaria, measles, pneumonia and malnutrition contribute to the high number of deaths of children. About one-third of the global childhood disease problems are linked to changeable factors in food, soil, water and air. With climate change, these problems will worsen eg. access to clean water becomes more difficult making children more susceptible to diarrhoea, a major killer for young children. Natural disasters such as drought, floods and typhoons brought about from changes in the climate add to the woes of children. Besides diseases, children are denied proper healthcare services. Food shortages worsen the childrens plight, adding problems of under-nutrition and starvation. The impact made by climate change on food security, healthcare, clean water supply and livelihoods has a profound influence on urbanisation, migration, poverty and armed conflict. These in turn affect the lives of children and their survival. Poor families, many whom are already struggling, could be pushed into the deeper end of their troubles bringing about long term consequences on their childrens survival. For example, children from the poorest 20% of households in many developing countries have up to 5 times the mortality rate of children from the richest 20% households (12). Beyond these, there are other secondary and structural causes of child deaths. Examples include poor healthcare facilities, inadequate water supply and sanitation, poverty, maternal education and inequality. Climate change exacerbates these conditions by loading more burdens on fragile states who are already struggling with providing children with the most basic needs. How well communities or states adapt and cope with climate change and its impact on existing vulnerabilities will determine a childs survival chances. Millions of children in these areas suffer from malnutrition and babies are born malnourished and/or with anomalies. Childhood at Risk AIDS today is a worldwide problem and globalisation has played no small part in the spread of this disease. UNAIDS estimates that 13.2 million of children in the world aged 15 and below have lost their parents and 90% of them live in the Sub-Saharan Africa. Numbers are growing in central Asia and Eastern Europe. Young people are at the core of the AIDS epidemic, In many places this is actually an epidemic among teenagers (UNAIDS Director Dr Peter Plot quoted in Irish Times, 24 Feb 2004). AIDS through heterosexual transmission is prevalent in Africa. Young girls are seen as men as clean: and they are most at risk. In many parts of the world ie Africa, Latin America, South-East Asia, Caribbean countries, 20-48% of girls between 10-15 years were forced to have their first sexual encounter. Child Soldiers According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW), an estimated 300,000 young children serve in paramilitary or armed groups in more than 30 conflict regions. Some of the countries with such child soldiers include Sudan, Congo, Somalia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Iran and Papua New Guinea. Abduction of children from their homes is a commonly used accompanied by death threats to enforce joining the military force. These children are forced to witness and participate in atrocities eg beheading, rape, amputations, burning people alive. Girls are raped and sexually abused, some given to commanders as wives. Cultural Globalisation Majority of women in developing countries perform housework, work in agriculture or work in the informal sector. The patriarchal society in these countries demand that household chores are the mainstay of females while work, whether formal or informal, is a mere extension of their duties. Under such circumstances, women choose work in an informal sector to care for their children and earn additional income for basic necessities, usually because their husbands dont bring home enough money. They cannot seek formal employment due to their family responsibilities. Employment in the informal sector is still gender biased men are still in supervisory or management positions with higher wages, while women are simply subcontract workers. Assembly work and production factories are filled with women since unemployedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦men refused to participate in their wives informal work because they felt they could be called away at any time for a waged job (Ward 1990). Such a double standard, ironically, leads to survival for females in developing countries they can maintain their domestic roles and yet not rely solely on their husbands. Another issue confronting women and their children in the developing countries is that unpaid domestic tasks are private rather than social and because they are both unpaid and private, there is no social system of incentives, of rewards and penalties, to encourage change (Elson 1992). Wives lack access to the public sector where job opportunities exist. Such a vulnerability render women helpless but to depend on their husbands for finances and even endure abuse. Despite the discrimination, women have shown resilience in taking on the responsibilities of caring for their children when their husbands leave. They take on informal sector jobs and are still able to fulfil their domestic needs. Governments in developing countries are not doing enough or even denying their women opportunities to effectuate their strengths to the fullest potential. Globalisation today has not changed that. But continued globalisation may mean in time to come, governments in developing countries cannot ignore the potential to harness the talents and strengths of the female workforce.

Employee Management Procedures

Employee Management Procedures Unitary and pluralistic frames of reference one can be able to analyze employee relation approach. According to the unitary approach, members of an organization have to have objectives, goals and values for the organization to be successful. This explains why organizations have goals and mission statements as they give guidance to the employees. The unitary approach is very important as it helps to promote the team culture in an organization and ensures that there are good employee relations within an organization. The pluralistic approach supports the fact that there are different employees with different values and perspectives. The pluralistic approach is very important as it helps in conflict resolution in an organization. The unitary and pluralistic frames can be used as a point of reference to guide employees who have a wrong perception about the relation of employees in the organization. Through the frames, managers can be able to manage people whose interests coincide with the interests of the organization. For example with the unitary frame of reference, one can hardly find conflicts since with the reference frames managers can be able to identify the sources of conflicts and therefore know how to control and avoid them. Reflect and explain how changes in trade unionism have affected employee relations The trade union plays a very important role to employees. Its main aim is to protect the rights of the employees inters of pay and the working conditions. The union has come in order to help employees in an organization. It has played a role in ensuring good employee relations in an organization in several ways which may include: It helps to prevent conflicts between employees as it acts as a communication channel between the employees and management. This helps the employees to stay informed and thus helps to prevent conflicts that may arise between the managers and the employees. The union makes bargaining arrangements to the employees which may help the employee and thus may help to prevent conflicts among employs. This is due to the fact that conflicts may arise among employees who might be doing the same job and one gets more salary than the other. This has an impact on employee relations in an organization. Through unions, one can have lay representatives who help to communicate managerial shortcomings which may help to prevent irresponsible managers which may help to prevent conflicts in an organization between employees and the managerial sector. The union has taken many measures to ensure that there is a good balance between the managers and the employees and thus help to prevent conflicts since it is the main source of conflicts in organization. Using a real life example of your choice, explain within context the role of the main players in employee relations issue you have chosen There are different players in an organization who play different roles in an organization to ensure that there is good employee relations within an organization. The main players in employee relations in an organization are the managers, the employees and the organization. They are the ones that contribute to good or bad employee relation in organization. For example for the case of a disciplinary issue whereby an employee has done an action that is illegal according to the rules of the organization. This issue will lead to an employee relation problem in an organization. In this case, the employee is the main contributor of the issue since he did what he was not supposed to do since it is illegal according to the organization. The other employees will have an issue with this and it may lead to conflicts within the organization. They will therefore play a role of taking the issue to the manager. The manager will then take an action according to the rules of the organization or the contract. His main role will be to ensure that the same issue does not arise again by punishing the employee accordingly. The organization plays a very important role since it is the one that come up with rules and regulations that will govern the conduct of the employee and employee relations within an organization to ensure there is harmony within the orga nization and that people are responsible for their actions. All the players of employee role relation should therefore coordinate to make sure that there is good employee relation in an organization for the well being of the organization as a whole since it is the employees who will determine the performance of the organization. Task 2 Discuss and evaluate the procedures that should be followed by an organization when dealing with different conflict situations Conflicts arise in organizations due to the different perceptions on different matters in an organization. In dealing with conflicts in an organization, there are procedures that should be followed in dealing with the conflict. This is to ensure that managers are able to solve the conflict with fairness without favoring some employees. There are different kinds of conflicts in an organization and this is very important in solving a conflict. This is the first step that all managers need to understand in solving a conflict in an organization. There are several factors that need to be understood in solving a conflict in an organization. One firstly has to understand the situation leading to the conflict. There are different conditions that lead to the rise of conflicts and it is important for manager s to understand them in order to know how to solve them. After understanding the condition leading to the conflict one should then find out the effect of the conflict to the organization which may be either positive or negative. This will help the manager to weigh the effect of the conflict. One should then understand the stages of the conflict process. Conflicts have different stages and the stage of the conflict is very important to be known in order for the manager to know how to solve the conflict. After understanding all these, one can then find ways of dealing with the conflicts. One can assess the different ways of dealing with the conflict and choose the best way according to the situation at hand. Discuss and reflect on the key features of employee relations in recent UK conflict situation of your choice Conflicts may arise among employees in an organization due to many features. Conflicts have different features depending on the type of conflict. An example of a conflict in employee relation in an organization may be: For the case whereby in a department where there are several employees and one employee does not to do some tasks just because they think that it is not right according to their culture to do some tasks. In this case the employee may be using others such that they are the ones that do most of the task. This case will lead to conflicts among the employees in the organization due to cultural differences. The conflict may be due to the fact that other employees feel that they are doing so much while they also have their cultures that they may be having and may want to follow. In this case this conflict may lead to many effects which may include reduced performance at the workplace and lack of cooperation among the employees. IN solving this kind of conflict, there are procedures that should be followed by managers to ensure that the conflicts are solved in harmony. One should also refer to the requirements of the organization by the employees. There should be rules that should be set to govern employees when it comes to cultural differences. Evaluate the effectiveness of procedures used in the chosen conflict situation, making recommendations for areas found lacking and identifying areas of good practice. Following the right procedure in solving the conflict in the situation above is very important for effective solving of the conflict. This is due to the fact that it is very important to understand the source of the conflict in order to know how to solve the conflict. The manager should understand the reason why the conflict arise which in this case is cultural differences and the condition leading to conflict situation in an organization. The manager then needs to assess the effect of the conflict to the organization. One should then identify he stage in the conflict process. With understanding all these one can then indentify the best way of dealing with the conflict which in this case will be negotiating. What I would recommend in this case is negotiating with the employee to change his habits in order to be able to relate with other employees well. The areas that might be lacking in this case are specifying the conduct of an employee as far as cultural differences is concerned. In this case the area of good practice would be that everyone should respect everyones culture and should compromise in some cases for the sake of the work involved.

my sister :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Life of Susan snow† susan snow was born on January 28, 1975. Her birth brought double the joy to her family who just minutes before had rejoiced upon the birth of her identical twin sister, rachelle. She was a small premature baby born nearly five weeks early and remained in NYU Medical Center for a week under careful scrutiny. Her father and four older siblings eagerly anticipated her arrival at home. The family resided in brooklyn, where they still make their home, and susan joined them there. She was named susan bella after her paternal great aunt and great great grandmother. susan had soft brown hair and big blue eyes that sparkled with personality, despite her young age. After five long months of incessant crying, she finally became an enjoyable and fun loving baby. susan attended a local school for her preschool and elementary school years. Throughout her school years, susan excelled in all subjects, although her talkative nature often got her into trouble. She was so popular with her classmates, that at one point when the classes were switched, her friends left no stone unturned to get her back into their class. She enjoyed switching classes with rachelle and performing other mischievous tricks to fool the teachers that only twins can pull off. Her supreme intelligence was one of the reasons she was chosen as English Editor of her eighth grade yearbook and editor of the grade newspaper. Shani spent her summers in the catskills where she was adored by campers and counselors alike because of her sunny disposition. At age thirteen, she began attending camp snob and spent four thrilling summer’s there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  susan decided to attend H B High School in brooklyn and is currently enjoying her third year there. She is known as a conscientious student who loves to have a great time. There she likes being in the same class as rachelle, for the first time since kindergarten. One may think that these circumstances would provoke competition between them, but susan is not affected by competition at all. On her days off she likes sleeping late, shopping, and spending time with friends. She also takes great pleasure in curling up in bed with a good book. susan is involved in various projects throughout the community and loves helping her family and friends in their times of need. She sleeps at her grandmother’s house during the week so as not to leave her grandmother alone.

Thomas Berry :: essays research papers

Human Condition Through Thomas Berry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Normally, I don’t agree with Thomas Berry, but I agree with his quote â€Å"†¦inner anxiety and even†¦doubt ourselves and the meaning of it all.† Thomas Berry put the dimension of contemporary existence, future orientation, and placed it in what I consider a perfect statement. When we hit this realization of perplexity within our future, we will be in such awe. People will become over capacitated with the diversity of every day life. We will deviate into a whole different culture. Thomas Berry’s statement was well conceived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As in human condition, the journey symbol portrays an internal struggle. Also it depicts some form of transformation. Another thing appearing in both is a theme of endearing negativity. We know, or thing we know, all that we have is adequate. He puts this in a sense of hysteria with what we incur during our journey. He tells us that we live n an unacceptable situation and that we must undergo transformation. In my experiences, I have not yet covered this conflict in the large scale he puts it on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When referring to spirituality, I believe that Berry places a strong emphasis on faith. In order for us to encompass happiness we must have a strong divinity towards spirituality. Spirituality in a certain religion. Spirituality in ourselves, others, etc. We also must have an awareness for the other divinities. The usual sense of religion relates to a general sense of faith. It is less than expected to pay homage to your god or belief. Berry’s sense of religion inquires that belief of faith as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t agree with Berry’s view on spirituality. I feel as though his belief would make all that I learned redundant. I feel as though people holding this view have either a horrible view on life or are stuck in a religious domicile. In his writings, Berry makes it seem like joy is not meaningful unless there is a downside to it.

Strategies For The Incrasing Amount Of Ell Students Education Essay

States like the US and other developed states are characterized by immense demographic alterations something that has lead to high figure of English Language scholars. For case, surveies indicate the figure of English Language Learners ( ELLs ) pupils in the US is increasing every twelvemonth. Of to worry is that, these pupils frequently perform ill in other topics ; something that has been attributed to their deficiency of proficiency in English Language. This calls for application of instructional schemes and constructs by teachers in learning ELLs pupils. This paper highlights critical instructional schemes and constructs that should be employed in ELLs schoolrooms.Instructional Schemes for ELL schoolroomSurveies indicate that states like the US and other developed states are sing immense demographic alterations ( Terrazas and Batalova, 2006 ) . This has accordingly increased the figure of English Language Learners ( ELL ) pupils. Surveies by Terrazas andA Batalova ( 2008 ) indica te that the population of ELLs pupils in US schools is enormously increasing with their figure duplicating between 1980s and 2006. Terrazas and Batalova farther indicate that the overall figure of US pupils who are categorized as ELLs rose from 6.8 per centum to 10.3 per centum between 1996 and 2006. Surveies have besides indicated that ELLs pupils normally score ill in other topics. This fact has been attributed to their deficiency of proficiency in English linguistic communication which makes it hard for them to understand learning stuffs for other topics ( Terrazas and Batalova, 2008 ) . Therefore edifice linguistic communication proficiency will be of overriding significance in hiking overall public presentation among ELLs pupils. Teaching ELL pupils is an intricate procedure that requires good defined schemes. Therefore, this will necessitate an teacher to integrate different constructs and schemes. This paper will seek to foreground some of the most critical schemes and constructs that can be employed by teachers in advancing proficiency of English linguistic communication among ELLs pupils. The following are critical schemes that can be employed in heightening acquisition and proficiency of English linguistic communication among ELLs pupils:Comprehensible inputThis hypothesis was postulated by Krashen and puts accent on ‘input ‘ that causes linguistic communication acquisition. This hypothesis states that ; for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition to happen, the acquirer must have comprehendible input through hearing and reading linguistic communication structures that are above their present ability ( Krashen, 1985 ) . The input theory explains how the acquirer moves from his or her current degree ( represented by ( â€Å" I † ) of competency to the immediate following degree ( represented by â€Å" i+1 † ) . The necessary status ( but non sufficient ) for an acquirer to travel from his current degree of competency to the following degree is based on understanding inputs that contains â€Å" i+1 † . â€Å" Understanding † means the acquirer is focused on the significance and non the signifier of the message ( Krashen, 1982 ) . Therefore harmonizing to the comprehendible hypothesis, it is critical for the acquirer non to have inputs that surpass his or her degree of competency. Hence for effectual English linguistic communication acquisition to take topographic point, the acquirer must have comprehendible inputs that are disputing plenty so as to better his or her lingual proficiency. Therefore this hypothesis puts accent on the demand to busy the schoolroom with acquisition activities or undertakings as opposed to larning activities or grammatical constructions. This suggests that teachers can function their pupils better in English linguistic communication lessons among ELLs pupils by presenting assorted acquisition undertakings in schoolrooms ( Ellis, 1997 ) . This hypothesis besides postulates that the acquirer must non be forced to talk excessively early. It is required that certain measure of comprehendible input be built first before the acquirer is allowed to talk in schoolroom. Harmonizing to Krashen ( 1982 ) , most 2nd linguistic communication pupils will travel through a phase referred to as â€Å" soundless period † during which the scholars increasingly get and construct adequate comprehendible inputs that will be critical in assisting them create their ain constructions. Therefore linguistic communication acquisition occurs when the acquirer feels ready ( after being exposed to enough â€Å" i+1 † comprehendible inputs ) ( Krashen, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to comprehendible input theory, when acquirers receive 2nd linguistic communication inputs that are one measure above their current competency, they are able to better and come on in â€Å" a natural order † . This can be made possible with the aid of extra-linguistic or context information. This means that the acquirers must utilize more that their cognition, lingual competency, context about the universe in understanding linguistic communication that contains constructions that are beyond their present degree of competency ( McLaughlin, 1987 ) . Therefore the function of ELLs teachers is to guarantee that pupils are provided plenty comprehendible inputs every bit much as possible. Harmonizing to this hypothesis, comprehendible inputs are characterized by the undermentioned elements: interesting and relevant, comprehendible, sufficient ( â€Å" i+1 † ) and non grammatically sequenced ( McLaughlin, 1987 ) .On-going, specific, and immediate feedbackOne of the instructional schemes that can be employed to guarantee English scholars become proficient in the linguistic communication is ‘enhancing different or changing feedbacks ‘ . This scheme requires instructors to analyze the content of their pupils ‘ response. Feedback can either be verbal or non-verbal and is a critical component of showing comprehension of the stuffs presented to them either verbally or in a non-verbal mode ( McLaughlin, 1987 ) . Feedback will help the teachers in analysing if pupils have comprehended or if they are sing linguistic communication barriers. Therefore it is critical for English teachers to be in a place to separate between negative and positive feedbacks which occur when pupils misinterpret or fail to grok stuffs presented to them. Normally in a category of ELLs, pupils will give a negative feedback wherever they are sing linguistic communication barriers. Therefore the function that the teacher should play in this instance is to interrupt these barriers. The type of feedback will change depending on the degree of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and developmental degree the pupils operate at ( Ellis, 1997 ) . Immediate feedback is one of the most efficient types of feedback which is provided instantly after put to deathing a peculiar acquisition activity. This type of feedback is indispensable in cultivating communicating accomplishments and in constructing assurance between the immature scholars and the teacher. Young scholars need to be certain that what they are larning is right or wrong with no hold. This is because they do non posses plenty cognition to do their judgements sing their degrees of proficiency. When a scholar gives an reply that is wrong, the teacher has the duty of supplying a disciplinary feedback which will take to rectify and independent apprehension of stuffs. Therefore harmonizing to this scheme, immature scholars are more likely to be successful with word choice and vocabulary. Young scholars at an early production phase will profit from feedback that mould right linguistic communication acquisition. This means that these scholars will necessitate changing sum of listening and rectification to right formed linguistic communication ( Hill & A ; Flynn, 2006 ) . Ongoing feedback applies to older scholars who are in a place to measure their grade of proficiency in linguistic communication. Besides harmonizing to Hill and Flynn ( 2006 ) , scholars who are at intermediate and advanced degrees of eloquence proficiency require specific feedback. This feedback tends to be similar to that of ‘Native-English ‘ talkers. Students at this degree will necessitate greater exposure to sophisticated theoretical accounts of 2nd linguistic communication. They should besides be encouraged header with constructs that present some troubles to them. Besides harmonizing to this instructional scheme, more accent should be put on the content instead than the signifier of look at this degree. Synergistic lessons can assist in guaranting specific feedback by constructing ego assurance and besides heightening the degree of cognition ( Hill & A ; Flynn, 2006 ) .Grouping constructions and techniquesHarmonizing to McLaughlin ( 1987 ) , this method requires te achers for ELLs to set more accent on techniques of heightening interaction through implementing group constructions while presenting instructional schemes. The first grouping method that will guarantee ELLs pupils are motivated and efficaciously corroborate is to group them with their equals who are ‘Native-English ‘ talkers. This will give the scholars a opportunity to detect the grade of linguistic communication proficiency they should take at and besides to hold a opportunity of constructing on their ain linguistic communication accomplishments. Another signifier of grouping harmonizing to Lessow-Hurley is making little groups of ELLs dwelling of three- five scholars. Lessow-Hurley provinces that, this will be indispensable in heightening communicating in a safe and relaxed environment in which pupils have no fright of taking hazards. Therefore making little groups helps in driving out nervous tenseness among scholars because each scholar in a group will be surrounded by fellow schoolmates with about the same degree of English linguistic communication proficiency. Furthermore, this grouping process will be critical in assisting the teacher to run into diversified demands of a big schoolroom. Lessow-Hurley farther suggests that, when making these groups, teachers should take into history the differences between scholars. Therefore the teacher should take into consideration the undermentioned factors when making these groups: personal features, degrees of cognition and abilities of the scholars. It is besides required that the undertakings assigned to each group by the teacher should be collective-oriented. Besides scholars should be made to experience that the success of the group will depend on their personal attempts. This will be critical in non merely developing linguistic communication accomplishments but besides in constructing their personal traits such as communicating accomplishments and duties ( Lessow-Hurley, 2003 ) .Building background and vocabularyHarmonizing to Ellis ( 1997 ) , this scheme requires that, in order to heighten better comprehension of the stuff through a supportive schoolroom environment, teachers should take into history scholars ‘ experience and background. Ellis farther suggest that, in order to get the better of background barriers, teachers should help the pupils in set uping witting connexions between linguistic communication stuffs presented to them and their ain experience. Harmonizing to McLaughlin ( 1987 ) , the best attack in set uping these connexions is by doing ocular ( composing chief thoughts on chalkboard ) or audio ( intoning and articulating sentences in a proper manner ) accent on cardinal constructs acquired. McLaughlin farther suggests that teachers should guarantee that vocabularies to be learnt are selected in a careful mode. Harmonizing to Ellis ( 1997 ) , the followers are some of the schemes that can be employed to heighten vocabulary development: multiple exposures to new words and chances to new words, knowing word choice and giving direct instructions in word significance and schemes that will help in larning new words. Teachers should guarantee that these schemes are modeled in conformity to scholars ‘ demands. Teachers should besides guarantee that scholars are efficaciously exposed to a system of independently tracking new vocabulary ( Ellis 1997 ) .Student battleOne of the most indispensable schemes that are employed in learning ELL pupils is student battle. Student battle is critical in guaranting successf ul executing of assorted larning activities. Assorted researches have indicated that there is a correlativity between the public presentation of a scholar and his or her grade of battle in larning activities. Therefore this suggests that, when pupils are actively engaged in larning activities they are likely to accomplish more. Harmonizing to Echevarria et Al ( 2004 ) , the scheme to guarantee effectual engagement by scholars greatly depends on the teacher. This will therefore require instructors to efficaciously pull off schoolrooms in a mode that enhances active engagement. Hill and Flynn ( 2006 ) argue that, execution of prosecuting direction will dwell of concerted grouping, thematic direction, and undertaking based larning. They farther suggest that incorporation of hand-on and manipulative activities, stimulations and patterning into larning activities will be critical in heightening pupil engagement. In add-on to guaranting that larning stuffs are better understood, these techniques will play a critical function in actuating pupils into actively prosecuting in the acquisition procedure which will be indispensable in making proficiency in English.DecisionTherefore for states characterized by immense demographic alteration such the US and other developed states, Proper application of instructional schemes will be critical in guaranting that ELLs pupils get English linguistic communication proficiency. This will be critical in hiking their overall academic public presentation. Application of â€Å" comprehendible input hypothesis † as postulate d by Krashen will guarantee that appropriate inputs are used in a mode that will take to high degrees of linguistic communication acquisition. The usage of â€Å" grouping constructions and techniques † will ease acquisition in a more efficient and collaborative manner. Teachers can besides better acquisition of English proficiency among ELLs pupil by heightening changing feedbacks. The scheme of â€Å" edifice back land and vocabulary † and â€Å" pupil battle † will be critical in interrupting barriers to linguistic communication acquisition and in guaranting that pupils actively take part in the acquisition procedure.

The Canning of Charles Sumner

On May 20, 1856, Senator Charles Sumner, a Massachusetts anti-slavery Republican, delivered a speech called â€Å"Crime against Kansas†. The speech was about Kansas` admission to the Union as a Slave State or Free State. In his speech, Sumner insulted two Democratic senators. South Carolina senator, Andrew Butler, who was not present, got his share of Sumner insults. Senator Butler`s kinsman Preston Smith Brooks, representative from South Carolina, offended by Sumner`s speech, he considered the speech as â€Å"libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler†.First He thought of challenging Sumner to a duel but he did not believe Sumner to be a gentleman and decided to discipline Sumner with public beating. On May 22, 1856, Brooks waited in Senate Chamber for ladies to leave. While Sumner was seated at his desk, the Chamber was clear of ladies, Brooks walked up to Sumner`s desk and marked his feelings about Sumner`s speech as â€Å"libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler† . Brooks then started to strike the Senator with a gold headed gutta percha cane. First Sumner tried to defend himself but he was trapped between desk and his chair.After couple of hits Sumner was already blinded by his own blood, but that did not stopped Brooks. Brook kept hitting Sumner until his cane shattered. Brooks left the chamber after seeing Sumner collapsed unconscious on the floor. Later on Brooks informed his brother what happened, he wrote that he gave Sumner â€Å"about30 first rate stripes† with the cane and he wrote â€Å"every lick went where I intended†. Brooks’ action was celebrated by many Southerners and condemned by Northerners. Both men became heroes in their respective states.The caning of Charles Sumner was a symbolic of two regions conflict and factor of rising tension leading up to the American Civil War. Bibliography Gienapp, William E. The Crime Against Sumner: The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party. Civil War History pp. 218-245. September 1979. Geniapp’s journal provides a thorough examination of the caning of Charles Sumner and aftermath of the incident towards political parties. The author discusses how important this case was on the road to civil war. Woods, Michael E. â€Å"The Indignation of Freedom-Loving People†: The Caning ofCharles Sumner and Emotion in Antebellum Politics. Journal of Social History pp. 689-705. Spring 2011. Woods`s journal provides the role of emotion in antebellum American politics and political culture through an analysis of the outraged northern response to the May 1856 caning of Charles Sumner. The author discusses how important was indignation in antebellum political culture. Sinha, Manisha. The Caning of Charles Sumner: Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War. Journal of the Early Republic pp. 233-262. Summer 2003.Sinha`s journal analyzes the argument of slavery, race and ideology motivated by the caning of Charles Sumne r. White, Laura A. Was Charles Sumner Shamming, 1856-1859?. The New England Quarterly pp. 291-324. September 1960. White`s journal provides Sumner`s recovery and return to politics after Brooks attack. The author discusses both Northern and Southern response to the incident. Meriwether, Robert L. Preston S. Brooks on the Caning of Charles Sumner. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine pp. 1-4. January 1951. Meriwether`s journal provides the letters sent by Preston S.Brooks to his brother. Pierson, Michael D. â€Å"All Southern Society IS Assailed by the Foulest Charges†: Charles Sumner`s â€Å"The Crime against Kansas† and the Escalation of Republican Anti-Slavery Rhetoric. The New England Quarterly pp. 531-557. December 1995. Pierson`s journal provides the detailed â€Å"Crime against Kansas† speech material. The author discusses if Sumner was offensive enough to get things physical. On May 20, 1856, Senator Charles Sumner, a Massachusetts anti -slavery Republican, delivered a speech called â€Å"Crime against Kansas†. The speech was bout Kansas` admission to the Union as a Slave State or Free State. In his speech, Sumner insulted two Democratic senators. South Carolina senator, Andrew Butler, who was not present, got his share of Sumner insults. Senator Butler`s kinsman Preston Smith Brooks, representative from South Carolina, offended by Sumner`s speech, he considered the speech as â€Å"libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler†. First He thought of challenging Sumner to a duel but he did not believe Sumner to be a gentleman and decided to discipline Sumner with public beating. On May 22, 1856, Brooks waited in Senate Chamber for ladies to leave.While Sumner was seated at his desk, the Chamber was clear of ladies, Brooks walked up to Sumner`s desk and marked his feelings about Sumner`s speech as â€Å"libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler†. Brooks then started to strike the Senator with a gold heade d gutta percha cane. First Sumner tried to defend himself but he was trapped between desk and his chair. After couple of hits Sumner was already blinded by his own blood, but that did not stopped Brooks. Brook kept hitting Sumner until his cane shattered. Brooks left the chamber after seeing Sumner collapsed unconscious on the floor.Later on Brooks informed his brother what happened, he wrote that he gave Sumner â€Å"about30 first rate stripes† with the cane and he wrote â€Å"every lick went where I intended†. Brooks’ action was celebrated by many Southerners and condemned by Northerners. Both men became heroes in their respective states. The caning of Charles Sumner was a symbolic of two regions conflict and factor of rising tension leading up to the American Civil War. Bibliography Gienapp, William E. The Crime Against Sumner: The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party. Civil War History pp. 218-245.September 1979. Geniapp’s jou rnal provides a thorough examination of the caning of Charles Sumner and aftermath of the incident towards political parties. The author discusses how important this case was on the road to civil war. Woods, Michael E. â€Å"The Indignation of Freedom-Loving People†: The Caning of Charles Sumner and Emotion in Antebellum Politics. Journal of Social History pp. 689-705. Spring 2011. Woods`s journal provides the role of emotion in antebellum American politics and political culture through an analysis of the outraged northern response to the May 1856 caning of Charles Sumner.The author discusses how important was indignation in antebellum political culture. Sinha, Manisha. The Caning of Charles Sumner: Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War. Journal of the Early Republic pp. 233-262. Summer 2003. Sinha`s journal analyzes the argument of slavery, race and ideology motivated by the caning of Charles Sumner. White, Laura A. Was Charles Sumner Shamming, 1856-1859?. The New England Quarterly pp. 291-324. September 1960. White`s journal provides Sumner`s recovery and return to politics after Brooks attack. The author discusses both Northern and Southern response to the incident.Meriwether, Robert L. Preston S. Brooks on the Caning of Charles Sumner. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine pp. 1-4. January 1951. Meriwether`s journal provides the letters sent by Preston S. Brooks to his brother. Pierson, Michael D. â€Å"All Southern Society IS Assailed by the Foulest Charges†: Charles Sumner`s â€Å"The Crime against Kansas† and the Escalation of Republican Anti-Slavery Rhetoric. The New England Quarterly pp. 531-557. December 1995. Pierson`s journal provides the detailed â€Å"Crime against Kansas† speech material. The author discusses if Sumner was offensive enough to get things physical.